Staging of breast cancer

According to the TMN system cancers are the size- N0: Lymph nodes are not affected
of the tumor (T) after the appearance of "daughter- N1: metastasis in the axillary lymph nodes on the
of tumors (metastases) in lymph nodes (N; Latin"same side as the affected breast, the lymph nodes
nodus = knot and divided the occurrence ofcan move during the examination by the doctor
metastases in other organs (M) . It derived from- N2: metastasis in the axillary lymph nodes on the
each of consequences for individual therapy.same side as the affected breast, the lymph nodes
T = size of the tumorcan be moved during the examination by the doctor,
For breast cancer the following classifications aresince they are fused together or with the
distinguished:surrounding tissue
- T stage- N3: metastasis along the internal thoracic artery on
- Tx: no assessment of possible tumorthe same side as the affected breast
- T0: No evidence of a tumorM = metastases:
- Tis: non-invasive (not in the surrounding tissueM stage:
ingrown) tumor- Mx: presence of organ metastases not assessable
- T1: tumor in greatest dimension no greater than 2- M0: no organ metastases detected
cm- M1: metastases in other organs, there
- T2: Tumor size 2-5 cm in greatest diameterGrading:
- T3: Tumor larger than 5 cm in greatest dimensionFurthermore, the biological behavior of tumor tissue in
- T4: tumor extends into neighboring tissues (eg,the histological examination will be further explored (
chest muscles, skin or fins)"Grading"). This can for example inferences about the
N = involvement of lymph nodes:rate of growth of the tumor, or a tendency to
N stagemetastasize. It distinguishes the grading stages G1,
- Nx: lymph nodes can not be assessedG2 and G3.